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A light electric vehicle (LEV) is a light, electrically powered vehicle to travel relatively short distances. Most electric vehicles cannot be used on public roads in the Netherlands, whereas in many other European countries this is permitted. Not much is known about the safety of LEVs since large-scale, systematic research is hardly available.
Published: (SWOV) | Davidse, R.J.; Duijvenvoorde, K. van; Louwerse, W.J.R.
Published: (SWOV) | Gebhard, S.E.; Wijlhuizen, G.J.; Dijkstra, A.
Published: (SWOV) | Davidse, R.J.; Duijvenvoorde, K. van; Louwerse, W.J.R.
Published: (SWOV) | Goldenbeld, Ch.; Stelling, A.; Kint, S.T. van der
Published: (SWOV) | Hettema, Z.J.A.; Dijkstra, A.; Schermers, G.
The construction of the road network and road design greatly affect road safety: firstly, because they make certain conflicts impossible or unlikely (e.g., by physical separation of driving directions, separate bicycle tracks, clear roadsides); secondly, because they direct the desired traffic behaviour (recognisability, predictability).
Every year, about 140 fatal 'run-off-road crashes' involving motor vehicles (excluding two-wheelers) are registered in the Netherlands: they result in around 160 road deaths, more than a quarter of the total number of road deaths.  
Wrong-way driving crashes are infrequent, but their outcome is often serious. Most wrong-way driving crashes occur when drivers inadvertently enter a motorway exit or when drivers turn around on a motorway.
About one third of the road deaths on Dutch roads occur at intersections. Within the urban area, this amounts to half and outside the urban area to slightly less than a quarter of the road deaths. A roundabout is the safest kind of intersection, because there are fewer conflict zones, because speed is lower, and impact angles are smaller than at a conventional intersection.