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In the Netherlands, a sustainable road safety approach, in which measures in the fields of Engineering, Education and Enforcement (3Es) are complementary, has been used for decades. Enforcement reduces high-risk road user behaviour and is therefore an important component of this safe system approach.

A bicycle helmet is intended to protect cyclists against head and brain injuries when they are involved in crashes. The helmet does not prevent bicycle crashes (see the SWOV fact sheet Cyclists for general bicycle safety measures).

In the Netherlands, licence acquisition courses for category B (passenger cars) are concluded by a theoretical and a practical test. Driving lessons are not obligatory, but without them passing the practical test is virtually impossible. For practical reasons, the effectiveness of drivings tests and driver training is hard to assess in a scientific way.

Traffic education is defined here as any kind of formal or informal education that is aimed at learning and improving the knowledge, insight, skills and attitudes that are necessary for safe traffic participation, including the wish to safely participate in traffic.

A progressive penalty system encompasses heavier or more far-reaching sanctions being imposed as one commits more offences. A progressive penalty system is often called a progressive fines system if it involves increasingly higher financial penalties (fines), but (other) recidivism schemes such as demerit points systems can also be seen as a progressive penalty systems.

Published: | Uijtdewilligen, T.; Ulak, M.B.; Wijlhuizen, G.J.; Geurs, K.T.
Published: (European Road Safety Observatory, European Commission) | Boele-Vos, M.; Van Schagen, I.
Published: | Goldenbeld, C.; Stelling, A.; Van der Kint, S.
Published: (SWOV) | Nabavi Niaki, M.; Uijtdewilligen, T.; Gebhard, S.E.; Weijermars, W.A.M.; Petegem, J.W.H. van; Louwerse, W.J.R.