Abstract
Access limitations to city centres, whether implemented through bans, restrictions or pricing schemes, are usually perceived as a threat to equity. But equity has many dimensions (freedom of movement, non-discrimination among users, equal treatment of modes, redistributive effects), which may conflict with one another while challenging the economic efficiency of the access control system. The European cities involved in the PROGRESS initiative (partially funded by the EU) are striving to understand and monitor equity effects and their impact. For the covering abstract see ITRD E209471.