The intervention programs in the United States, Canada, and Europe are broad-based approaches in dealing with the runway incursion problem; they address all users of airports and include attention to the provision of airport signage in accordance with ICAO recommendations. Australia is setting up a runway incursion task force within Airservices Australia to monitor and make recommendations with regards to runway incursions. The provision of signs at smaller regional airports in Australia is an issue for the individual airport owners and Airservices Australia. Other interventions, such as education and awareness, are being addressed through industry publications like Flight Safety Australia. The more high-tech interventions discussed earlier also appear to be high cost and may be out of reach for small operators and small airport owners. Many depend upon the airport's having an air traffic control tower or some other form of surface movement control; therefore, this type of intervention is going to be established only at larger, more traffic-dense airports where incursions are more likely. The main problem remains one of human factors; interventions may be present and working, but the context of aviation activity at the airport remains the same. Situational awareness and cognitive workload will still push individual pilots (and air traffic controllers) to the limits of their capacity. The issue seems to be not so much with the provision of signs and markings as with getting pilots and drivers of ground vehicles to look for and use the signs, follow instructions, and maintain situational awareness under high workloads.
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