Im Motorrad-Unfallgeschehen gilt der Anprall an Stahlschutzplanken als ein Unfallablauf, der mit schwersten und toedlichen Verletzungen einher gehen kann. Dabei resultieren die Verletzungen meist nicht aus dem Sturz selbst, sondern vom spaeteren Anprall des auf der Strasse rutschenden Motorradfahrer an den Schutzplankenpfosten, oder dadurch, dass der Motorradfahrer direkt an die Stahlschutzplanke prallt, sich an einzelnen Bauteilen verhakt und dadurch verletzt. Um diese Gefahren zu verringern, wurden als technische Loesungen ein zweiter untergehaengter Holm, Aenderungen des Querschnittsprofils der Pfosten und ihre Ummantelung vorgeschlagen. Die Verwendung von Schutzplankenummantelungen ist jedoch mehr eine Sofort- und Uebergangsloesung. Laengerfristig soll bei neuen Entwicklungen passiver Schutzeinrichtungen die Sicherheitsanforderungen anprallender Motorradfahrer von vornherein beruecksichtigt werden. Untersuchungen darueber, ob Betonschutzwaende oder Stahlschutzsysteme weniger gefaehrlich fuer anprallende Motorradfahrer sind, wurden bisher nicht durchgefuehrt. Im Blickpunkt des Interesses stand hier also die Frage, welche Formen und Konstruktionen von verschiedenen Schutzeinrichtungen unabhaengig von ihrem Werkstoff zu besseren Ergebnissen fuehren. Hauptaufgabe des Projektes war die Durchfuehrung von Anprallversuchen mit Motorraedern an passive Schutzeinrichtungen unter realen Unfallbedingungen. Aus den Ergebnissen der Versuchen wurden konstruktive Verbesserungsvorschlaege abgeleitet. Diese waren umzusetzen und unter gleichen Bedingungen wie die konventionellen Schutzsysteme zu testen. Darueber hinaus sollten weitere Vorschlaege zur technischen Verbesserung von passiven Schutzeinrichtungen im Hinblick auf den Anprall von Motorraedern erarbeitet werden. Bericht zum Forschungsprojekt 93.318/1998/FRB des Bundesministeriums fuer Verkehr, Bau- und Wohnungswesen. Titel in Englisch: Motorcycle crash tests with passive safety elements. English abstract: In accidents involving motorcycles, crashing into protective steel barriers is considered to be an event which can lead to the most serious injuries as well as death. The injuries do not generally result from the fall itself, but from the subsequent impact of the motorcyclist against the barrier post as he or she slides over the road, or from crashing directly into the barrier. A further possibility is that the motorcyclist gets caught on individual barrier components, which then causes injury. In order to lower these risks, a second underhung capping piece along with changes to the cross-sectional shape of the post and the provision of a cover were proposed as technical solutions. The use of covers in connection with safety barriers is, however, rather to be considered a short-term or transitional solution. In the long term, safety requirements as regards motorcyclists should already be taken into consideration from the initial stages when passive safety elements are being developed. Investigations as to whether concrete protective walls or steel protective systems are less dangerous for motorcyclists involved in crashes have not been carried out to date. The main emphasis of this study lay on what forms and designs of different types of safety elements give the best results, independently of the material of which they are constructed. The main task of the project was to carry out crash tests with motorcycles in relation to passive safety elements under real accident conditions. In a preparatory stage, an accident analysis was carried out with regard to the crash situation as applied to motorcycles and their riders and passengers, taking into considering impact dynamics and risk of injury. Altogether six tests were carried out in the course of the project. Impact of a motorcycle onto the safety element when travelling upright and when sliding on its side were simulated. A mid-range motorcycle was used for all six tests. A dummy of type Hybrid III 50th percentile, male, was used with measurement of the loads suffered by the head, breast and pelvis and also both thighs. Four crash tests were carried out with impact against conventional passive safety elements of concrete and steel. A concrete safety element with New Jersey profile on one side was used, and a simple distance safety barrier and a steel safety barrier were employed as steel safety elements. Following on the knowledge gained during these tests, a modified steel safety element was designed, based on a so-called "Swiss box profile". In addition, a binding beam of steel plate was attached. Two further tests were then carried out using this modified system. The combination of a steel safety barrier of "Swiss box profile" design and a steel binding beam demonstrated almost all the desired positive effects. It was established that risk of injury for motorcyclists and passengers is much lower when impacting against the modified system either in an upright position or when sliding than is the case under comparable conditions during impact against the two conventional safety systems. Constructive proposals for improvements were drawn from the results of the tests. These improvements were implemented and tested under the same conditions as the conventional safety systems. In addition, the project is intended to enable provision of further proposals for technical improvements with regard to crashes involving motorcycles and their riders and passengers. (A)
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