Abstract
The major factor influencing the cost-benefit relationship of improved bumper systems are discussed. Evidence is presented which demonstrates that energy-absorbing bumper designs have proved effective in reducing the frequency of crash damage, especially damage from low-speed crashes. Although the improved bumper systems are proving effective, the maximum potential cost savings are not yet being realized by consumers. This situation should change as standardization of bumper height becomes more prevalent and as better data on the costs of improved bumper systems becomes available.