Buses.

This paper considers possible increases in the use of buses, which may be achieved by various approaches. It first considers the components of the present cost of operation of a bus. Two of the major questions about bus transport are whether: (1) extensive investment in it is compatible with unlimited market competition; and (2) public authorities will be prepared to allocate an adequate share of highway capacity to allow buses to operate at optimal efficiency, so that investment is worthwhile. Technical developments of urban buses include alternative fuels, new energy storage systems, and new types of engine. Buses need to become more passenger-friendly and ecological, and improve their appearance. Revenue can be collected more efficiently by using more prepaid tickets and `smartcards'. Information about expected bus arrival times can be displayed at bus stops. Bus terminals and shelters can be improved. Better bus services can be achieved through: (1) guided busways; (2) park-and-ride; or (3) Red Routes. While these features all have technical implications, reference is also made to the regulatory and economic framework of bus operations, which is important in creating a climate favourable to technological advances.