Forty-two persons were exposed to controlled low-speed rear-end automobile collisions to assess the relation between both gender and impact severity and the presence, severity and duration of whiplash-associated disorders (WAD). Individual measures were also assessed for their potential to predict the onset of WAD. An experimental study was used subjecting individuals to a speed change of 4 km/h and 8 km/h and utilising pretest and posttest physical examinations (immediately after and 24 hours after impact) to quantify subjects' clinical response. Approximately 29% and 38% of the subjects exposed to the 4 km/h and 8 km/h speed changes, respectively, experienced WAD symptoms, with cervical symptoms and headaches predominating. Objective clinical deficits consistent with WAD were measured in both men and women subjects at both 4 km/h and 8 km/h. At 4 km/h, the duration of symptoms experienced by women was significantly longer when compared with that in men (p < .05). There were no significant differences in the presence and severity of WAD between men and women at 4 km/h and 8 km/h or in the duration of WAD at 8 km/h. There was also no significant difference in the presence, severity and duration of WAD between 4 km/h and 8 km/h. No preimpact measures were predictive of WAD. The empirical findings in this study contribute to establishing a causal relationship between rear-end collisions and clinical signs and symptoms. (A)
Abstract