Abstract
REPLACING A SURFACE STREETCAR LINE WITH GRADE SEPARATED RAIL RAPID TRANSIT WILL OFTEN IMPROVE OPERATING SPEEDS SUBSTANTIALLY; BUT INCREASED STATION SPACING MEANS LONGER WALKS TO THE STOPS OR STATIONS, AND RAPID TRANSIT SERVICE IS OFTEN LESS FREQUENT. A TIME COST MODEL IS EMPLOYED TO EVALUATE TRIPS IN WHICH SERVICE HAS BEEN IMPROVED OR DEGRADED BY THE BLOOR SUBWAY CONSTRUCTION IN TORONTO. IT IS FOUND THAT TRIPS UP TO FOUR MILES IN LENGTH, AND SOMETIMES MUCH MORE, HAVE BECOME MORE TIME-CONSUMING. WITH THE HIGH DISUTILITY OF WALKING TIME, THE PROPORTION OF TRAVELLERS EXPERIENCING DEGRADED SERVICE MAY BE SURPRISINGLY LARGE.(Author/publisher).