Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a finite element model (FEM) of the human shoulder. The model was validated against data obtained from three sets of lateral impact tests on the shoulder joint, namely: pendulum impact tests, rigid and padded wall sled tests and side airbag out-of-position (OOP) deployment tests. Results predicted by the model were used to evaluate the feasibility of engaging the shoulder to provide better chest protection in side impact. The shoulder model has the potential of increasing the understanding of the interaction between the shoulder and the thorax in side impact, and can reproduce the kinematics of the shoulder joint during side airbag deployment.