Although programs that promote the use of designated drivers (DDs) have been widely characterized as a very promising means of reducing alcohol-impaired driving, they have also been criticized. Apart from a lack of rigorous evaluations of their effectiveness, probably the most common criticism is that Designated Driver Programs (DDPs) encourage excessive alcohol consumption. The supposition is that, because the drinkers in the designated driver's group know they have safe transportation home, they drink more (much more) than they otherwise would. The short term, potential negative outcomes for the DD's companions include alcohol-related injuries, such as falls or pedestrian traffic injuries, that might occur before or after they arrive home. It has also been suggested that use of DDs can contribute to the development of alcohol problems or abuse by the DDs' companions, though a direct link would require regular, long term use of a DD and corresponding excessive drinking. The usual argument is that promotion and use of DDs condones excessive drinking, reinforcing norms and attitudes that, in turn, contribute to alcohol abuse. (A)
Abstract