Recently, attention for pricing policy in the Netherlands and in the European Union has increased. This paper gives a review of Dutch and international literature on the effects of pricing measures for traffic and transport. A review is given of different pricing measure types per vehicle category such as: car, lorry, aircraft, shipping, and public transport. Possible effects of pricing measures on vehicle ownership, vehicle use and fuel use are given. Much research has been done into effects of pricing measures on car ownership and car use, especially into the effects of fuel price changes. Less is known about the effects of other pricing instruments. Some of the pricing measures give a wide range of possible effects. wide range of possible effects. Two important explaining factors are the timehorizon and the level of income. It is concluded that price elasticities depend on the context in which the pricing measures are taken. (A)
Abstract