This report, written by order of the Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment, forms the basis of a realistic comparison of energy-efficiency and emissions of the different passenger and freight transport modes. Besides this report will pay much attention to the effects on energy use and emissions of a modal shift. It will also be used as a foundation of the AVV-project EEB (Energy efficiency, Emission factors and Fuel efficiency). In this project a database containing energy-efficiencies and emission factors of traffic and transport will be developed for the past, the present and the future. The energy use and emissions per passenger kilometre of passenger cars, busses, trams/metro's and passenger trains are compared. Aviation is not involved in the comparison because of the fact that only inland transport is considered. The energy use and emissions resulting from the production of fuels and electricity are involved in the calculations. The preceding stage, i.e. the winning and transportation of fuels, is not considered. Freight transport by light trucks, heavy trucks, rail transport and inland shipping is compared regarding energy use and emissions per tonne kilometre. Aviation is not considered because of the low share in total inland freight transport. Energy use and emissions resulting from the production of fuels and electricity are involved in the calculations.
Abstract