Abstract
Overconsolidated clays of different geologic origins underlie many parts of the United States and forms the foundation materials supporting highway and railroad bridges, pavements, airport runways, buildings, walls, slopes, tunnels, and other transportation facilities. With regard to the characterizations of earth-related materials such as soils, clays are more notorious than sands in their difficulty of measurement of relevant strength, compressibility, and stiffness under both short-term and long-term loading conditions.