The issues surrounding the use of Global Positioning System/Global Navigation Satellite System (GPS/GNSS)-based technology for road charging are debated by leading equipment manufacturers with the concept being compared in particular with Dedicated Short Range Communications tolling systems. The factors to be taken into consideration are discussed including the typeof road network, the type of users, the number of users, any need to maximise profit, the legal background and the cost of the system. The main advantage of GPS/GNSS systems is a reduced reliance on ground-based infrastructure. Disadvantages include the cost of equipping cars and enforcing violations. The problem of enforcement is examined in more detail and the possibility of developing combined systems is considered. Schemes already in operation are outlined. One manufacturer puts forward suggestions for placing the emphasis on compliance rather than enforcement with incentivesfor compliant behaviour. Another considers the legal basis for enforcement to be the most important aspect. Several consider that various systemswill continue to be developed and implemented according to each individual situation.
Abstract