This paper evaluates the effects of full-force braking against an obstacle (rubber cones), of braking while trying to avoid the same obstacle (with and without antilock braking system (ABS)), and the consequences of a countersteering manoeuvre after losing adherence in a curve. All tests have been performed with the collaboration of a safe-driving school, using a stock, middle-size sedan, and with the participation of volunteer drivers of both sexes, with ages between 18 and 45 years. The cars were equipped with a side-mounted VHS video recorder; appreciations and measures were taken directly on screen and compared. The results show that the driver is almost never submitted, at test speed, at significant forward movement against the steering wheel, but however while trying to maintain control of the car he may expose hands and forearms in the proximity of an eventual airbag cover, with resulting non optimal performance of the restraint system. Concerning belts, in two cases the web went off the shoulder while operating the steering wheel and braking. Some considerations upon refinement of smart restraints may be carried out, with reference to the behaviour of an active driver in a nearby accident. See also C 10820 (ITRD 490578).
Abstract