Vehicle Positioning Systems (VPS) can be used in parking demand management (PDM) as well as road user charging (RUC). Parking has four perceptual factors that make PDM less resistant to pricing change than RUC: most motorists appreciate that parking cannot always be free; parking use payments via machines can be irritating; collecting small payments can be costly for parking authorities; and motorists are accustomed to spending time and effort on the use of optimisation. Parking availability is known to contribute to congestion. Free parking encourages automotive use and under-priced street parking encourages circling. The following positioning technologies improvements can be used in PDM: high-sensitivity receivers, global positioning system modernisation, the addition of the Galileo constellation and Receiver-Autonomous Multipath Mitigation (RAMM). The VPS-based road pricing can be enhanced to manage a stationary receiver as well as a dynamic one.
Abstract