The treatment of non-equipped users should be resolved before implementing any EFC system. Non-equipped users do not present a problem on toll motorways having a single lane EFC system. However, the work carried out by CARDME has been primarily related to multilane systems. The problems of handling non-equipped users have been divided into four groups: privacy issues, political and public acceptance of solutions for non-equipped users, problems on infrastructure provision and operational problems. Several possible options for the treatment of these non-equipped users have been proposed: no non-equipped users allowed, opening of a temporary account either with removable OBU or with entry of the users in a "white list", automatic billing and manual payment stopping and paying in a toll plaza or paying elsewhere within a limited period of time after the use of the infrastructure.
Abstract