This article examines some of the challenges posed by GNSS satellite-based electronic tolling technology. Existing short-wave radio (DSRC) systems are not economic on secondary roads and cannot deal with mileage charging: however, it is unlikely that GNSS will replace them completely. DSRC has a significant cost advantage in terms of equipment, controls the existing market, and will probably be used to enforce GNSS systems. Light vehicles are unlikely to feature GNSS until equipment is available as standard from the manufacturer and this situation might arise with the existence of a pan-European tolling system, EETS. For this, "thin client" architecture is currently better, offerng flexibility, low cost, ease of operation, and quick standardisation. Non-tolling applications may be introduced on the equipment in the future. It seems likely that EETS will be introduced gradually by agreements between neighbouring countries. Stakeholders in the market include the European Commission, the manufacturing industry, and the system operators. Standardisation is considered crucial for smooth implementation.
Abstract