The learning processes required of road users are described. Learning may be direct (trial and error) or representational (when learnt from observing the behaviour of others or by instruction). The basic principles of behaviour analysis are explained. Learning to be safe when driving is compounded by the tendency to learn to take risks when the probability of punishing consequences is low. The role of punishing consequences in reinforcing safe behaviour and averting risk taking is discussed in relation to road safety devices. Road user control by antecedents (traffic warning signs) and by traffic regulations is discussed. Implications for the highway engineer include providing clear and unambiguous information, using traffic signs consistently, and using temporary or intermittent road signs reliably. Most drivers select the maximum speed for their journey in order to save time, so road improvements often result in higher speeds but may also result in fewer accidents. Drivers often underestimate the riskiness of their behaviour. Behavioural engineering such as the use of crushable bollards or central hatching to discourage overtaking are briefly described.
Abstract