In this paper, the authors consider networks in which a link is characterized by zero emissions as is typical of networks in which certain links correspond to telecommunication links. They identify three new and distinct paradoxical phenomena that can occur in such networks, which demonstrate that so-called "improvements" to the network may result in increases in total emissions generated. In particular, they illustrate, through specific examples, the following: (1) the addition of a link with zero emissions may result in an increase in total emissions with no change in travel demand; (2) the total emissions on a network with a zero emission link may increase with a decrease in travel demand, and (3) the addition of a path connecting an origin/destination (O/D) pair and consisting solely of a zero emission link may result in an increase in total emission. The authors then propose an emission pricing policy which guarantees that such paradoxes do not occur. The pricing policy is shown to be equivalent to a particular weighting mechanism associated with the criterion of emission generation provided that the users are now multicriteria decision-makers who seek to minimize both the cost of their route choices as well as the emissions that they generate. (Author/publisher).
Abstract