A Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) has been proposed that consists of small aircraft flying direct routes to a network of regional airports. Executing steep approaches in poor weather is required for SATS. This study examines the willingness and ability of general aviation pilots to execute steep approaches in low-visibility conditions into nontowered airports. Across two experiments, 17 pilots rated for instrument flight rules flew a Cessna 172R simulator into Blacksburg, Virginia. Pilots were familiarized with the simulator and asked to fly approaches with either a 200- or 400-foot ceiling (at approach angles of 3A., 5A., and 7A. in the first experiment, 3A. and 6A. in the second). Pilots rated subjective workload and the simulator recorded flight parameters for each set of approaches. Results showed that approaches with a 5A. approach angle produced safe landings with minimal deviations from normal descent control configurations and were rated as having a moderate level of workload. Approaches with 6A. and 7A. approach angles produced safe landings but high workload ratings. Pilots reduced power to control the speed of descent and flew the aircraft slightly above the glide path to gain time to control the landing. These findings suggest that 6A. and 7A. approaches may not be practical for routine approaches, but might be achievable in the event of an emergency. Limitations of this study highlight the need for further research before implementing SATS-type flights.
Abstract