This paper outlines research on the effectiveness of various programmes designed to prevent driving while impaired (DWI) by alcohol or other drugs. Some areas, such as random breath testing, DWI enforcement techniques, and publication, are not discussed here, because they are addressed in another paper. Sanctions against licences haveapparently been one of the most effective deterrents against DWI. Relevant licencing policies include: (1) provisional or graduated licences for new and young drivers; (2) a model graduated programme; and (3) licencing penalties. Court judgements have moved towards the uniform imposition of more severe penalties during the 1980s. Other sanctions reflect the consequences of negative driving behaviour; they include: (1) prison sentences; (2) house arrest; (3) electronic monitoring; (4) vehicle use restrictions; (5) compensation to victims;(6) community service; (7) public condemnation; (8) fines and otherfinancial penalties. During the past decade, prevention, education and other deterrence methods have reduced road accident fatalities and blood-alcohol levels in drivers in the USA, but there is scope for much further progress. Eight specific recommendations are made forincreasing deterrence, and some areas on which future research should focus are indicated.
Abstract