Abstract
This paper reviews different force versus crush empirical equations for cars used in accident reconstruction over the past three decades. These equations are compared to numerous data obtained from various sources. A strategy for selecting the most appropriate equations to use for determining the frontal stiffness characteristics of a car for accident reconstruction, simulation modeling, and design purposes is also proposed. Estimates of error bands for a particular strategy chosen, given available crash test data, are also provided. For the covering abstract see ITRD E825082.