Bedingt durch das stetig wachsende Verkehrsaufkommen steigen die Anforderungen an die einzelnen Fahrer bei der Fahrzeugfuehrung. Um diese zu unterstuetzen, sind in den letzten Jahren Fahrerassistenzsysteme entwickelt worden. Sie koennen nach dem Grad der Fahrerunterstuetzung eingeteilt werden in: Warnungen und Informationen, verbindliche Anweisungen, korrigierende Eingriffe bis zur Uebernahme der Fahraufgaben. Entsprechend der Vielschichtigkeit der Fahraufgabe gibt es eine grosse Anzahl von Systemen, die mit ihren Funktionen unterschiedliche Bereiche des Fahrens (zum Beispiel Spurhalten, laengsdynamische Fahrzeugfuehrung) abdecken. Fuer tiefergehende Betrachtungen werden auf Basis umfangreicher Literaturrecherchen und Expertengespraechen die System-, die Interaktions-, die Verkehrs- und die Rechtssicherheit analysiert. Im Rahmen der Systemsicherheitsbetrachtungen wird auf den moeglichen Ausfall einzelner Komponenten und Baugruppen eingegangen. Es werden zudem die Vorgehensweisen sowie die angewandten Bewertungsmethoden bei der Analyse der Systemsicherheit vorgestellt. Hier sind vor allem die Fehler-Moeglichkeits- und Einfluss-Analyse (FMEA) und die Fehlerbaumanalyse (FBA) zu nennen. Die Interaktionssicherheit befasst sich mit den Auswirkungen des Systems auf den Fahrzeugfuehrer. Erweitert wird die Sicherheitsanalyse durch Betrachtungen der aktuellen Entwicklungen gesetzlicher Bestimmungen und Normungen auch im internationalen Vergleich (zum Beispiel mit Frankreich und Japan). Aus diesen Darstellungen werden Empfehlungen fuer zukuenftige Regelungen und Standards abgeleitet. Bericht zum Forschungsprojekt 82.081/1005 (ITRD-Nummer D706706) der Bundesanstalt fuer Strassenwesen. Titel in Englisch: Safety analysis of automatic driving systems. English abstract: Because of the constantly growing volume of traffic, demands on drivers are increasing. In order to offer them support, over the last few years driver assistance systems have been developed. Depending on the degree of support which is offered, these can be divided up into warning and information systems, binding instruction systems and corrective intervention systems up to take-over of driving activities. Corresponding to the multifaceted nature of the driving task, a large number of different systems exist, whose functions cover different areas of driving activities. On the basis of comprehensive research within the literature and discussions between experts, automatic friction value recognition is selected as an information system, automatic sign recognition as a system with binding instructions and the collision avoidance system with corrective intervention is also selected for more detailed investigation. The system, interactive, traffic and legal safety aspects are analysed. Within the framework of the system safety investigations, attention is paid to possible failure of individual components and subassemblies. In addition, the procedures and evaluation methods used when analysing the safety of the systems are described. Of particular importance here are FMEAs (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) and fault tree analysis. Because of the high expenditure of time and money involved and the insufficient data available, however, only partial systems are analysed and described in this research project. Interactive safety is concerned with the effects of the system on the driver. When considering this, reference is made to the field tests which were carried out within the framework of different research projects. In the case of traffic safety, the influence of driver assistance systems are observed when the entire vehicle fleet is equipped with the systems, and also when a proportion of the vehicles or none of them are so equipped. Using simulations and evaluation of sources from the literature, increase in road capacity through the use of automatic driving systems is investigated. The conclusion is that capacity can only be increased by means of high levels of equipment and low set distances between vehicles. A necessary precondition would be official approval of such low distances for automatic driving. Estimates of risk caused by system failure are carried out for the ACC collision warning and avoidance systems by evaluating the effects on following vehicles not supplied with the equipment. For the purpose of evaluating legal safety, current traffic law, which is adapted to human driving behaviour, was taken into consideration. In this the "legal limits" (e.g. prescribed minimum distances between vehicles) which have to be observed when developing driver assistance systems are important. The safety analysis also contains observations with regard to current developments in legal regulations and standards, also within an international context (e.g. comparisons with France and Japan). From this follow recommendations for future regulations and standards. (A)
Abstract