Abstract
Using a formal optimisation method, optimal transport strategies have been developed for nine European cities. Initial optimisation focused on two objectives of economic efficiency and sustainability, and six transport policy measures : public transport infrastructure, frequency and fares, low cost road capacity charges, road pricing and parking charges. The results were discussed in detail with the city authorities, and policy conclusions drawn. A subsequent study considered an enhanced objective function which addressed local environmental impacts, and also developed a series of objective functions reflecting the role of the private sector in the financing of transport strategies. (A)