Synthesis of Time-of-Day Modeling Research.

Time-of-day (TOD) modeling has been in the vision of researchers and practitioners for more than two decades now. Various approaches have emerged starting with simple practical methods like TOD factors towards comprehensive activity-based models. This paper presents an effort in reviewing the state-of-the-art and the state-of-the-practice procedures on TOD modeling. Researchers or practitioners interested in improving or developing new approaches or applications should benefit from a succinct summary of what has already been accomplished. With the growing demand in detailed temporal resolution for the travel forecasting process, the deficiencies of the simple TOD factoring or peak spreading procedures become obvious. Choice behavior modeling with activity-based framework shows promising features.