Abstract
This paper provides a summary of EU policy on the efficiency of transport systems. Policy developments at EU level have been related to the promotion of intermodality and interoperability. Recently the principle of co-modality has been advocated to achieve optimal utilisation of resources by efficient use of modes on their own and in combination. A synthesis of the findings of research projects is also presented covering the following sub-themes: infrastructure / vehicle development / maintenance; traffic management and control; airport terminals and air traffic control; multimodal networks; commercial fleet and public transport operations; and transport demand management.