Urban Form and Trends of Transport Emissions and Energy Consumption of Commuters in the Netherlands.

Using the Dutch National Travel survey data, this paper examines the influence of different types of urban form on transport emissions and energy consumption due to commuters daily travel activity in the Netherlands over the last decade. The results show that commuters CO2 emissions and energy consumption have significantly increased in the last decade. Moreover, although more urbanized area has higher traffic density and lower travel speed, the commuters who reside in this area produced lower CO2 emissions and consumed less energy compared to the commuters who reside in less urbanized area. However this does not mean that dense/compact city policy would automatically reduce the transportation emissions and energy consumption. As shown in the models, there are more important factors that influence the amount of CO2 emissions and energy consumption of the commuters than urban form and built environment variables.