In this paper, an analysis is made of transportation systems with both individual and collective characteristics. Five characteristics determine, if a transportation system has to be considered as individual: (1) the presence of transportation services; (2) the presence of logistic services; (3) no say on the vehicle during the trip; (4) no vehicle clustering; and (5) bundling of access points. Systems that can be considered as `individual' on a subset of these points, and as `collective' on the other points, are called `INCO systems'. Three examples of INCO systems, all characterized by full say on the vehicle during the trip (individual), combined with vehicle clustering, have been worked out. These examples are: (a) a fast, dynamic system; (b) a slow, dynamic system; and (c) a shuttle system using trailers.
Abstract