The road crash costs of approximately € 33 billion (€ 19 - € 44 billion) are significantly higher than other social costs related to traffic: the costs of congestion are estimated at € 2.7 to € 3.5 billion (main road network only) [1] and the costs of environmental damage due to road traffic at € 8.2 billion in 2022 [25].
Congestion costs are not just the costs of direct loss of travel time, but also the costs of unreliability of travel times, adaptation of travel behaviour to congestion (detours, other times of travel etc.) and indirect costs, such as effects on public transport. Environmental costs are the costs resulting from air pollutant emissions, CO2 emissions and noise pollution, such as costs of health damage and damage to buildings [26].