Automatic Fee Collection (AFC) systems usually consist of devices for performing charging processes and checking previous charging processes, and central devices for system management. In 1994 and 1995, the largest ever comparative test of AFC systems was conducted in Germany. The field trials tested the technical devices, participating directly in the charging and enforcement processes. All systems tested had to have the following charging functions: (1) detection of use; (2) determination of use parameters; (3) calculation of fee; (4) debiting; (5) documentation; and (6) receipt of payment. Systems with real charging points included fixed (roadside) and mobile (in-vehicle) devices for performing the functions. Systems with virtual charging points performed most of the functions in the vehicles. There are several important differences between these two types of system. The trials aimed to create a basis for decision on introducing non-stop AFC systems on German motorways, and prepared the way for formulation of a performance specification. About 60 different test vehicles of all types were used to conduct 33,000 test trips, having 83,000 planned debiting transactions. Although many of the systems tested could meet the unique requirements of the German fee-charging process, none could meet Germany's strict enforcement criteria.
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