Les travaux portant sur les troubles attentionnels en conduite automobile en imputent invariablement la cause à une distraction du conducteur. Cette notion de distraction est en fait une notion fourre-tout, utilisée pour aborder aussi bien les perturbations attentionnelles du conducteur liées à ses caractéristiques propres, à l’apparition soudaine d’événements non pertinents dans l’environnement de conduite, et à l’utilisation en conduite de systèmes électroniques embarqués. Cette revue de synthèse tend tout d’abord à définir les différentes formes d’attention et leurs dégradations. Les concepts de distraction, d’inattention et d’interférence sont strictement définis en lien avec les travaux sur l’attention sélective et l’attention divisée. Enfin, sur la base de ces définitions, elle répertorie les trois hypothèses actuelles portant sur les perturbations attentionnelles du conducteur. (Author/publisher) / Studies of attention deficits in car driving invariably give driver distraction as the cause. In fact, distraction is a catch-all concept. It can define the attentional disruption linked to individual driver features (e.g. age, emotional state, expertise), or a change in driving behaviour caused by the sudden occurrence of other events in the driving environment (e.g. telephone ringing, lights flashing). It may also be the consequence of electronic systems used in driving (e.g. phone conversations, route searching on a GPS system). The aim of this current literature review is to summarise the major studies of attention deficits in car driving. This is achieved by categorising the different types of attention deficits which lead to changed driving behaviour : distraction, interference and inattention. In the first part of this paper, we present definitions of distraction, interference and inattention in selective and divided attention. In the second part of the paper, we describe the three major hypotheses of attention deficits in driving. The first assumption to be developed concerns mental workload. In accordance with studies of divided attention, the authors consider that adding further tasks to driving would increase a driver’s mental workload. Such an increase would lead to impaired driving behaviour. The two main methodologies used to investigate mental workload in driving were the Peripheral Detection Test (PDT) and the divided attention protocol. After providing an overview of each of these methods, we present the results of studies in which they are used. The second assumption described in this paper concerns the lack of attentional control. From this perspective, a driver’s difficulties would be caused by a modification in his attentional focusing. In other words, while the driver has his eyes fixed on the road, his attention would also be focused on other tasks, such as carrying out a telephone conversation. The inattentional blindness protocol is presented in support of this hypothesis. Finally, the assumption of a deficit of perceptive control, though more anecdotal, considers that a driver’s ocular moves when using electronic systems would lead to a deterioration in the visual monitoring of the driving scene. This final assumption is evaluated using a traditional occlusion protocol. (Author/publisher)
Samenvatting