The total cost of cold starts in 1996 have been estimated to be at least SEK 3.7 billion. The following are some of the other results: (1) the various regions of the Swedish National Road Administration will probably be unable to meet the environmental target for CO2 by 2010; (2) cold start extra emissions will constitute an increasing proportion of total emissions in the years to come; (3) today's usage of electric heaters reduces cold start extra emissions of HC, CO and particulates by about 7 percent, and the cold start extra fuel consumption by about 4 percent; (4) optimal usage of electric heaters would not improve the trend regarding CO2 and NOX, although marginal improvements could be expected regarding other substances; (5) optimal usage of existing electric heaters would lead to major both socio and private economic cost reductions compared with the present level, mainly through lower electricity consumption; (6) private and socio economic reasons do not in general justify recommending increased installation of electric heaters; and (7) electricity consumption by engine heaters and cabin heaters can be of more than marginal importance for the Swedish electricity system. (A)
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