Commuting - a further stress factor for working people: Evidence from the European Community. Part I. A review. Part II. An empirical study.

Main results of research concerning the impact on the health and safety of workers are given. Commuting appears from many workers to be a necessity which is imposed by external factors, such as the housing market and job opportunities. Commuting is shown to interfere with patterns of everyday life by restricting free time and reducing sleeping time. A majority of commuters use public transport mainly because of cost. Commuters reported higher psychological stress and more health complaints.