Trends in commuter journeys in European countries over the last 20 years are described and the outlook for the future assessed. The main factors determining commuting are considered to be the labour force, the housing market and travel opportunities. The interrelationship of these factors is discussed and reasons for the growth of commuting considered. The content of the labour force is discussed and the situation in different European countries compared. Commuting distances are compared. Commuting within and between cities is considered in more detail. Modal distribution is compared and the fiscal treatment of commuter travel discussed. It is concluded that commuter travel patterns in European countries are very similar.Patterns of decentralisation and sprawl are observed and the car found to be the predominant mode.
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