Head trauma is the most frequent injury sustained by children in car crashes, and the neck plays a key role in governing head kinematics during thecrash. Pediatric anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) are used to assess the risk of head injury, yet the pediatric ATD neck is a size-scaled model of the adult ATD neck, with no consideration for the tissue properties andmorphological changes during human development. To help understand the effects of maturation on the changes in neck flexion biomechanics, this study compared the passive cervical spine flexion of children to adults in specific age groups (6-8, 9-12, 20-29, 30-40 years). Subjects with restrainedtorsos and lower extremities were exposed to a 1g inertial load in the posterior-to-anterior direction, such that the head-neck complex flexed whenthe subject relaxed their neck musculature. Surface electromyography withaudio feedback was used to coach the subjects to relax their neck musculature. A multicamera 3-D target tracking system was employed to capture themotion of specific landmarks on the head (Frankfort Plane) and thoracic spine (T1 and T4). Neck flexion angle with muscles relaxed was calculated for each subject. Neck flexion angle significantly decreased with age, withchanges in head-to-neck girth ratio partially explaining the decrease. A statistically significant increase in cervical spine flexion was found in adult females compared to adult males. Data also illustrate this trend in children, but it was not statistically significant. In summary, these results demonstrate an increased passive cervical spine flexion in children compared to adults, and females compared to males. These data will help guide the development and validation of pediatric ATDs. The full text of this paper may be found at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/esv/esv21/09-0142.pdf For the covering abstract see ITRD E145407.
Samenvatting