The calculation of the accident costs comprises two main components: losses from death and injuries and losses from material damages, with the following sub-components: (1) Costs of death and injuries; (2) costs of material damages; (3) indirect costs; (4) repair or replacement of vehicles; (5) temporary production loss; (6) salvage of the vehicles; (7) permanent production loss; (8) towing away of vehicles; (9) value of non-repairable vehicle; (10) direct costs; (11) repair costs; (12) payments to surviving relatives; (13) value loss after repair; (14) payments of disablement pensions; (15) legal expenses; (16) medical treatment; (17) administrative costs; (18) funeral costs and first aid; (19) unclaimed insurance indemnity; (20) costs of lost cargo; (21) failure to fulfill contract; (22) value of damaged cargo; (23) unclaimed insurance indemnity; and (24) repair of road installations. The social costs of human casualties are calculated for the following categories: (1) Deceased having family; (2) deceased not having family; (3) injuries with disability (unable to work); (4) injuries with disability (able to work); (5) injuries without disability; and (6) death of child. The principle of gross production loss is used in Russia. This is perceived as the combined loss for both society and the individual involved in the accident. In the evaluation of accident cost using the loss of production approach, the authentic economic advantage from accident prevention is underrated. From standpoints of relations of movements of participants to risk it is possible to show that rational people will be ready to pay for specific reduction of accident risk sooner, than for the reduction of production losses. Thereby, it is necessary to take into account the opinions of road users, which in economic expression is their readiness to pay for the safety. Presently a lot of attention is paid to environmental protection in all spheres of human activity, there does not exist a generally accepted method and means of evaluation of ecological consequences of transportation. Attention has been given to the difficult problem of calculating the effectiveness of safety projects. Using the state-of-the-art foreign methods adapted to the realities of Russian practice would help to improve the efficiency of the system for analysing and the cost evaluation of implementing the road safety activities, to pool the efforts of various organisations with the aim of speeding up the process of development of the methodical, informational and software facilities, to ensure the economic substantiation of the projects with respect to traffic safety issues. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see ITRD no 207828. The reprints are also available at the web - http://www.vti.se/pdf/reports/K18APart1.pdf; http://www.vti.se/pdf/reports/K18APart2.pdf and http://www.vti.se/pdf/reports/K18APart3.pdf.
Samenvatting