This paper outlines the ICARO project in the European Union (EU) Fourth Framework Programme for transport research, and especially its car-pooling demonstration in the Salzburg region in Austria. ICARO (Increase of CAR Occupancy through Innovative Measures and Technical Instruments) has two main parts. Its research evaluates existing measures of rising car dependency, and considers the different cultural and institutional frameworks of several European countries. Its practical side includes on-site demonstrations and computer simulations of additional measures aiming to increase car occupancy. The ICARO consortium has 13 partners from nine countries. ICARO's objectives are to: (1) find best practice in methods to raise car occupancy; (2) identify and understand the relevant institutional and cultural framework; (3) conduct several demonstrations using these methods; (4) investigate any resulting shifts in mobility behaviour; (5) set up a methodology for selecting suitable measures and instruments; and (6) disseminate the results to all interested parties. The Salzburg demonstration aimed to find incentives to win potential car-poolers. The paper describes the measures used, the associated publicity and marketing, attitudes and experiences of its participants, effectiveness, and car-pooling obstacles.
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