European bus builders facing change.

This article discusses recent and current changes in the bus manufacturing industry in Europe. Manufacturing companies are increasingly consolidating into larger firms for economic reasons. A European directive in 2001 harmonised the regulations governing the non-mechanical area of a bus, and the introduction of Whole Vehicle Type Approval makes it more likely that manufacturers will employ high standards of quality and consistency. The number of permutations of chassis and bodywork will decrease. Emission control regulations have caused changes in fuels; the article describes the use of ultra low sulphur diesel, compressed natural gas, ethanol, fuel cells, hybrid vehicles, and two new methods: selective catalytic reduction and exhaust gas recirculation. Many engine builders prefer the former method while two are concentrating on the latter. More passengers need to be attracted to bus travel; accessibility and speed of travel are important factors. (Author/publisher).