Experimental investigation on injury mechanism of cervical spine at frontal and rear-front vehicle impacts.

The results of simulated head-on rear-end vehicle crashes employing 53 human torso are discussed, after which it is suggested that vehicle restraint systems be developed to avoid injury; i.e. safety belt that would limit ante flexion of the head, airbags for head-on crash protection, and seat backs with integrated head-rests to support the head at the centre of gravity.