During the last two decades, car ownership levels per household have increased by 25%. In the meantime, the amount of parking space in existing residential areas could not keep up with this development. This study considers the regional development of car ownership levels and explores the possible impacts of this increase in several different types of residential areas. These range from the old residential areas near the city centres to the newly built areas on the fringe of cities. The typology is based on urban design, location, level of multifunctionality and parking facilities. The underlying hypothesis is that the level and nature of the parking problems differ between these areas. Near city centers for instance, a large part of the parking problems are caused by visitors to shops and business andconsequently problems occur during the day and night. On the contrary, parking problems in the residential areas on the fringe of cities are almostentirely caused by the high levels of car ownership of the residents and these occur during the evening and night. Possible solutions for the parking problems in these residential areas are explored. These incorporate possibilities to increase parking space as well as to reduce the demand for parking space. The extent in which parking space can be increased depends for instance on urban design, location and the costs of different parking structures. Solutions at surface level, underground parking structures and mechanical / automated parking are considered. Reducing the demand for parking space can be established by introducing parking measures or by providing alternatives to car ownership. Parking measures include parking permits, parking charges, time restrictions and so forth. Alternatives for private car ownership are car sharing and the use of other transport modes. Thestudy combines knowledge of transport studies and urban design and results in an overview of regional growth in car ownership levels in the near future (2020 and 2030) and best practices to manage the parking problems in different types of residential environments. For the covering abstract seeITRD E145999
Samenvatting