This guide describes the use of the European design standard Eurocode 2 to check deflection in concrete structures by calculation. The factors that affect deflection are listed and the most important ones are discussed: tensile strength, creep, elastic modulus, loading sequence, cracking and shrinkage curvature. Two methods for calculating deflection are presented: the rigorous method and a simplified method. In the simplified method, the effects of early age loading are not considered explicitly, but an allowance is made for their effect when calculating the cracking moment. Simplified creep factors are used and deflection from the curvature of the slab is approximated using a factor. It was concluded that the calculation of deflection in Eurocode 2 using the rigorous method is more advanced than the method used in BS 8110, but the method can still result in +15% to -30% error. INTRODUCTION. The primary purpose of traffic control by light signals is to separate conflicting traffic by the division of time, within the available road space, in a safe, efficient and equitable manner. The term “traffic” includes all road users: vehicles, (including cycles), pedestrians and equestrians. Conflict at a junction is manifested as an increase in delay and/or accident rate. At a signal-controlled junction, vehicular traffic is permitted to flow in a strictly controlled manner. The traffic flows, available road space, layout and stage sequences will all affect delay. The successful installation will impose the minimum delay on all traffic, consistent with safety. This document is Part 1 of Traffic Advisory Leaflet 1/06. It should be read in conjunction with Parts 2, 3 & 4. The Reference section is in this Part. (Author/publisher)
Samenvatting