This guide describes the use of the European design standard Eurocode 2 to check deflection in concrete structures by calculation. The factors that affect deflection are listed and the most important ones are discussed: tensile strength, creep, elastic modulus, loading sequence, cracking and shrinkage curvature. Two methods for calculating deflection are presented: the rigorous method and a simplified method. In the simplified method, the effects of early age loading are not considered explicitly, but an allowance is made for their effect when calculating the cracking moment. Simplified creep factors are used and deflection from the curvature of the slab is approximated using a factor. It was concluded that the calculation of deflection in Eurocode 2 using the rigorous method is more advanced than the method used in BS 8110, but the method can still result in +15% to -30% error. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING AT SIGNAL-CONTROLLED JUNCTIONS. Signal-controlled junctions can reduce accidents by allowing certain traffic movements to proceed whilst holding others that would be in conflict. To allow each movement separately will remove all conflicts but is not normally satisfactory since delays to all traffic will be high and effective capacity of the junction will be low. For example, at a simple crossroads, with a pedestrian stage, there would be five stages and the probable delays unacceptable to all road users. This document is Part 3 of Traffic Advisory Leaflet 1/06. It should be read in conjunction with Parts 1, 2 & 4. The Reference section is in Part 1. (Author/publisher)
Samenvatting