This record contains the following 6 reports: TI: HIGHWAY SCENIC POTENTIALS. AU: Tunnard-C SO: Highway Research Record, Hwy Res Board. 1967. NT: No 182, pp 1-4 PY: 1967 AB: A GENERALIZED ESSAY IS PRESENTED ON VISUAL SURROUNDINGS AS SEEN FROM THE VEHICLE. THERE ARE CONSTRAINTS ON THE VIEWER OF HIGHWAY SCENERY WHICH INDICATE THAT CERTAIN COMPOSITIONS CAN BE MORE REWARDING THAN OTHERS, ESPECIALLY WHERE TRAVEL IS ASSOCIATED WITH SPEED. TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THAT THE PAVEMENT ALWAYS FORMS PART OF THE PICTURE AND THAT ITS OWN DESIGN HAS A GREAT DEAL TO DO WITH CHANNELING VIEWS, ETC., THE KIND OF LANDSCAPE THAT CAN BE SEEN WITH THE LEAST EFFORT OR DANGER IS THE DISTANT PANORAMA. THE PROVISION OF SUCH VIEWS PROBABLY SHOULD NOT BE A DOMINATING FACTOR IN FREEWAY LOCATION, BUT IT COULD WELL BE A DECIDING FACTOR, EVERYTHING ELSE BEING EQUAL. IN A SIMILAR VEIN IS THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS AS A BASIS FOR HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT AND LOCATION DECISIONS. PROBLEMS OF SEQUENTIAL VIEWING AND THE TASK OF COMPOSITION ARE DISCUSSED. EASEMENTS, ZONING CONTROLS AND OTHER DEVICES USED TO CONTROL THE MORE DISTANT SURROUNDINGS OF SCENIC HIGHWAYS ARE HELPFUL. RIGHT-OF-WAY ACQUISITION CAN TAKE ADVANTAGE OF EXISTING VIEWS WHICH HELP TO MAKE THE ROADSIDE SEEM LESS OF RIBBON AND MORE AS A FOREGROUND FOR ANGLE VIEWING, REMEMBERING THAT THOSE PERSPECTIVES WHICH CAN BE STUDIED BEST ARE PRODUCED BY CURVATURE OF HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT. TI: DECISION-MAKING TECHNIQUES FOR IDENTIFYING AESTHETICALLY SUPERIOR HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENTS. AU: Norton-TJ SO: Highway Research Record, Hwy Res Board. 1967. NT: No 182, pp 5-8, 9 REF PY: 1967 AB: IMPETUS TO PROTECT AND ENHANCE THE VISUAL CHARACTER OF EXISTING AND FUTURE HIGHWAYS HAS COME FROM THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. ESTABLISHMENT OF A FRAMEWORK FOR THE COMPLEX PROBLEM OF HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION IN WASHINGTON STATE IS EXPLORED. PRIORITY IMPLICATIONS OF THE LEGISLATION ARE DISCUSSED. INITIAL GUIDANCE IN THE FORMULATION OF CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF SCENIC AREAS CAN BE FOUND IN THE LEGISLATIVE ENACTMENTS DEALING WITH THE PROTECTION OF SUCH AREAS. SCENIC EVALUATION CRITERIA ARE DISCUSSED. OPINION ON THE PART OF THE EVALUATOR IS NEEDED WITH RESPECT TO THE FOLLOWING POINTS: (1) IS THE ROUTE SCENIC? (2) DOES THE ROUTE PRESENT A VARIETY OF SCENERY? WITHIN ITSELF? WITH OTHER ROUTES IN THE AREA? AND WITH OTHER ROUTES IN THE STATE? (3) DOES THE ROUTE CONTAIN SCENERY WHICH TYPIFIES THE REGION OR STATE? THIS CHECK LIST APPROACH IS DESIGNED TO STRUCTURE THE EVALUATORS OBSERVATIONS IN A SYSTEMATIC WAY, AND TO STANDARDIZE REPORTING. PUBLIC POLICY AS REFLECTED BY LEGISLATIVE ENACTMENTS MUST SERVE TO PROVIDE THE BROAD CRITERIA WITH REFERENCE TO THE SELECTION OF SCENIC AREAS. ULTIMATELY, HOWEVER, JUDGMENTS MUST BE MADE REGARDING THE RELATIVE SCENIC MERIT OF SPECIFIC SECTIONS OF HIGHWAY. TI: COMPLETE VALUE ANALYSIS: HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. AU: Peterson-GL SO: Highway Research Record, Hwy Res Board. 1967. NT: No 182, pp 9-17 PY: 1967 AB: THE PROBLEM OF VALUES IS DISCUSSED FROM THE ASPECT OF A GOALS PROGRAMMING MODEL USING LINEAR EQUATIONS AND MATRIX ALGEBRA NOTATIONS. ONE FUNDAMENTAL PUBLIC GOAL IS TO PROVIDE FOR MAN A PLEASANT AND COMFORTABLE PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT. ENVIRONMENTAL BEAUTIFICATION IS DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF PRACTICAL ENGINEERING. FINANCE AND VALUES ARE DISCUSSED AND THE FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATIONS MADE: (1) INCLUDE EXCELLENT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS, ARCHITECTS AND DESIGNERS IN THE DECISION PROCESS, (2) THERE IS A GREAT DEAL TO BE LEARNED FROM PLAIN OLD COMMON SENSE AND POPULAR CONSENSUS, (3) ENGAGE IN A CONTINUING PROGRAM OF WELL-PLANNED RESEARCH, AND (4) CONSIDER THAT IN CERTAIN SITUATIONS BILLBOARDS MAY BE GOOD CONTRIBUTORS TO HIGHWAY BEAUTY. TI: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY TO IDENTIFY AND MEASURE THE BENEFITS DERIVED FROM THE SCENIC ENHANCEMENT OF FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAYS. AU: Davidson-P SO: Highway Research Record, Hwy Res Board. 1967. NT: No 182, pp 18-21 PY: 1967 AB: THE PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN IDENTIFYING AND QUANTIFYING THE BENEFITS AND COSTS THAT RESULT FROM HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ARE DISCUSSED. NET SOCIAL BENEFITS ACCRUING FROM SCENIC ENHANCEMENT OF HIGHWAYS IN NEW JERSEY ARE DISCUSSED AND IDENTIFIED. THE EFFECTS OF SCENIC ENHANCEMENT ON TRAVEL TIME, ACCIDENTS, ETC. ARE ENUMERATED. IT IS HOPED TO OBTAIN INSIGHT INTO (1) THE SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PLEASURE DRIVING POPULATION, (2) AN ESTIMATE OF THE AMOUNT OF PLEASURE DRIVING OF THE FUTURE POPULATION, AND (3) WHETHER DIFFERENCES IN ACCIDENTS OR TRAVEL TIME CAN BE STATISTICALLY ASCRIBED TO SCENIC ENHANCEMENT. TI: ACHIEVING ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND THE HIGHWAY BEAUTIFICATION ACT OF 1965. AU: Godschalk-DR SO: Highway Research Record, Hwy Res Board. 1967. NT: No 182, pp 22-24 PY: 1967 AB: METHODS OF ACHIEVING A HIGH QUALITY HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENT ARE DISCUSSED. IT IS SUGGESTED THAT THE LOCATION OF ADVERTISING ZONES COULD BE RATIONALLY DETERMINED IN REFERENCE TO PERFORMANCE STANDARDS BASED ON THE NEED FOR INFORMATION, THE CONSERVATION OF AREAS OF NATURAL BEAUTY, ETC., AND NOT ON HAPHAZARD LOCAL COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL ZONING. FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF FINANCE, A PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY WOULD INTRODUCE THE SYSTEMS CONCEPT GRADUALLY BY CONCENTRATING ON IMPROVING THE DESIGN OF NEW HIGHWAYS AND REMEDIAL WORK ON THE EXISTING INTERSTATE SYSTEM, WITH IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS AT MAJOR INTERSECTIONS OF THE PRIMARY SYSTEM, RATHER THAN ALONG THE ENTIRE EXISTING LENGTH. TI: LEGAL TECHNIQUES TO PROTECT AND TO PROMOTE AESTHETICS ALONG TRANSPORTATION CORRIDORS. AU: Williams-N SO: Highway Research Record, Hwy Res Board. 1967. NT: No 182, pp 25-38 PY: 1967 AB: AMERICAN PLANNING HAS COME TO DEPEND TOO MUCH ON EITHER (1) OUTRIGHT ACQUSISTION OF LAND, OR (2) POLICE POWER REGULATION WITH NO COMPENSATION, AND THE FUTURE IS LIKELY TO SEE EXPERIMENTATION WITH VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF REGULATORY TECHNIQUES AND DEVICES INVOLVING PARTIAL COMPENSATION, TOGETHER WITH AN EXPANSION OF THE AUTHORITY OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS TO TAKE AFFIRMATIVE ACTIVE. THE PROTECTION (AND PROMOTION) OF AESTHETIC FACTORS ALONG TRANSPORTATION CORRIDORS WILL BE A NATURAL POTENTIAL PROVING GROUND FOR SUCH AN APPROACH. AFTER LONG RESISTANCE, MANY COURTS NOW RECOGNIZE AESTHETICS AS A PROPER GOAL OF LAND-USE REGULATION. HOWEVER, THE MAIN PROBLEM REMAINS - HOW TO DEFINE ADEQUATE STANDARDS AND RULES OF LAW TO GUIDE REGULATORY POWER WHEN APPLIED TO AESTHETICS. SEVERAL LINES OF RECENT LEGAL CASES ARE RELEVANT TO THE VALIDITY OF POLICE POWER REGULATION IN THIS CONTEXT. WHILE TRADITIONAL LEGAL FICTIONS ARE NOW LESS IMPORTANT, THE COURTS ARE TENDING TO EMPHASIZE NEW COMBINATIONS OF FACTORS, PARTICULARLY THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF AESTHETIC AND ECONOMIC FACTORS AND ARE GROUPING FOR NEW TESTS TO PROVIDE THE BASIS FOR REASONABLE REGULATION. TURNING TO SUBSTANCE, THE FIRST REQUIREMENT IS TO DEFINE THE PROBLEM, I. E., TO SPECIFY EXACTLY WHAT SCENIC VALUES ARE MOST IN NEED OF PRESERVATION. CALIFORNIA AND WISCONSIN WERE THE FIRST TO TAKE THE LEAD IN WORKING OUT NEW LEGAL CONTROLS. VERMONT IS NOW CONSIDERING A PROPOSED SCHEME OF REGULATION FOR RURAL SCENERY, WITH CAREFULLY DEFINED ROLES FOR EACH DIFFERENT TYPE OF LAND-USE REGULATION. /AUTHOR/.
Samenvatting