This paper reports the results of demonstrations of physical transport policy tools (as opposed to financial control tools) designed to achieve a modal split change in 11 cities throughout Europe. The cities are Tampere (Finland), Copenhagen, Greater Manchester, London, Madrid, Vitona-Gasteiz (Spain), Orvieto, Brescia, Rome, Mytilini (Greece), and Bucharest. The measures include a 20km HOV lane and bus lanes in Madrid, calming schemes in Rome, several large scale improvements to bus corridors, and changes to pedestrianisation and road use in or close to city centres. The CAPTURE project is part funded by the EU Directorate General VII and runs from 1996 to 1998. This paper was written very soon after the final results were available on before and after impact studies. The methodology was to construct a set of surveys which can be used in different combinations, dependent upon local circumstances, to create various `common indicators' to measure impacts of the schemes on modal split, operational efficiency of different modes, energy and environmental effects, and economic and social effects. It is concluded that, except in the largest cases, the effects on modal split are very small, but that some of the preconditions for achieving a future modal split change by methods such as pricing are being met by such schemes, by improving journey times and increasing the reliability of journeys by modes such as bus.
Samenvatting