Biomechanics is an interdisciplinary field which combines physics, mechanical engineering, and life sciences to understand the relationship of physical forces to the functioning of the human body. A very important concept of biomechanics is that of human tolerance: there are quantifiable limits to the human's ability to withstand physical forces without harm. If these limits are exceeded, reversible or irreversible injury will occur. Human tolerance limits vary with different types of physical input - impact, acceleration, vibration, compression, stretch, bending and twisting of tissues and body segments. Much of biomechanics research - both basic and applied - investigates what kind and severity of injuries are caused by what magnitude and kind of physical inputs. This information can then he used to design both protective devices and environments. Biomechanics is valuable in studying all three phases of injury: pre-event, event and post-event. In the pre-event phase, biomechanics often overlaps with ergonomics in designing products and environments that improve working postures and movements; and minimize the likelihood of injury during work or leisure. In the event phase, the role of biomechanics is to provide human tolerance data to prevent inquiries or reduce their severity in the event of a crash or fall, or as a result of forces released in the course of occupational or sports activities. For example, biomechanical knowledge has been used to design: a) Laminated windshields, padded dashboards and knee bolsters, collapsible steering columns, air bags and seat belts in cars; b) Child car safety seats and safety helmets; and c) Vibration reduction seats in tractors and trucks. (A)
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