Investigation of the kinematics and kinetics of whiplash.

The kinematics of rear-end collisions based on published acceleration pulses of actual car-to-car collisions (10 and 23 miles per hour) were reproduced on a crash simulator using anthropomorphic dummies, human cadavers and a volunteer. Comparison of the responses of subjects without head support were based on the reactions developed at the skull (occipital condyles.)