Managing innovation. A study of British Rail's advanced passenger train and inter- city 225 projects. Paper presented at the Transport Studies Group Conference, Napier College, Edinburgh, January 1989.

British Rail appears to have shifted away from the approach of running a technically sophisticated train fast on existing track towards the French and German approach of building new lines to upgrade en existing network. With the introduction of the new high speed trains on the international networks it is necessary to modify the existing rail network.