In The Netherlands, driving simulators are used more and more for initial driver training. Two approaches can be distinguished: either the first lessons are replaced by simulator lessons, or the simulator is integrated in the training. In this latter case, learning tasks (such as `driving a roundabout') are trained in the simulator first and immediately afterwards on the public road. An estimated 100 driving simulators are in use at different driving schools. This makes The Netherlands leading country globally in this area. An explanation for this can be found in the lack of legal limitations for introduction of simulators in driving training (as opposed to other countries). Furthermore, the Dutch driving training programs are relatively expensive as a result of which investments in expensive simulator technology can be earned back more easily. Although simulators are not yet used for examination, this seems a logical next step. Currently there are simulators capable of estimating the required number of driving lessons while preparing for the exam. The developments sketched above motivated the Ministry of Transport (Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat) to further investigate the possibilities of driving simulators for initial driver training and testing. Commissioned by the traffic and transportation advisory board (Adviesdienst Verkeer en Vervoer (AVV), TNO carried out this study and summarized knowledge about (driving) simulators from national and international literature, insights from four visits to simulator training centres, and two expert meetings. In addition to the literature about driving simulators, the authors consulted literature about aircraft- and ship simulators. The report is limited to the initial driving training and driving exam for passenger cars though. (Author/publisher)
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